atomic

The method allows for the controlled removal of as little as 1 per cent of a single atomic layer, offering unprecedented control over the structure and properties of the diamond surface.

These advanced methods, combined with machine learning and density functional theory, allowed the team to map out the local atomic and electronic structure of the catalysts in unprecedented detail.

This interplay of atomic jumps and collective motion reduces internal stress, protecting the glass from breaking under external force.

In this process, the X-ray photons trigger a "molecular catapult effect": light atomic groups are ejected first, similar to projectiles fired from a catapult, while the heavier atoms -- bromine and chlorine -- separate more slowly.

The intense, laserlike x-rays are siphoned off into 14 beamlines that scientists will use to image materials and biological structures at atomic to nanometer scales and take snapshots of chemical reactions over nanosecond time frames.