mammalian

The average mammalian species, not to mention the average primate species, lasts about one million to three million years, and most didn’t need an Armageddon-scale trauma to usher them out of the fossil record.

New Zealand’s native animals, including flightless birds like the kiwi, evolved without ground-dwelling mammalian predators.

Each human and mammalian infection gives the virus an opportunity to mutate and evolve better ways of transmitting from person to person — a key benchmark for what makes a pathogen a pandemic-level threat.

Instead, they reveal mammalian brains to be the product of millions of years of evolution and adaptation to environments.

Experts have continued to raise ethical and ecological issues with “de-extinction,” even as science has advanced to the point where manipulating mammalian genomes is technically possible.