abrasion

"Most skin wounds that we get are from abrasions, which destroy the upper part of the skin," says Novak.

One photograph appears to show the bruising and abrasion that would confirm that ties had been used while the person was still alive.

A Black teenager was left with a concussion, chipped teeth and several abrasions after a group of teenage boys attacked him in a Simi Valley parking lot while shouting racial slurs, authorities said.

One person was hospitalized with abrasions and lacerations and the other five were treated at a hospital, she said.

Sir Geoff's academic work saw him invent the barley abrasion process - which involves deliberately damaging the protective husk of grains to speed up the process of malting.