quantify

The scientists mapped and quantified movement for four globally distributed large whale species — the blue, fin, humpback and sperm whales — based on 435,000 locations and then related the data to global shipping activity.

"Now that we have quantified these vibrations, we can measure the effectiveness of any changes made to improve ride comfort."

But the study is the first to quantify such a payoff from the country’s pollution reductions.

"There's a requirement now to quantify emissions before and after plugging an oil and gas well," Biraud said.

The team quantified this coupling strength and found that the bacteria's coordinated motion adhered to universal mathematical rules of synchronisation.