trial court

“Whether it be a preliminary injunction or a temporary restraining order, and more and more now permanent final injunctions after the whole trial court case is done.”

Ryan wrote the new evidence would not have resulted in the trial court proceeding differently because the brothers could not show they experienced a fear of “imminent peril.”

"We conclude that the state trial court contradicted clearly established federal law and that this error was not harmless," the Second Circuit Court of Appeals wrote in its decision.

“It’s much harder for an appellate court to overturn a trial court finding of fact then it is with regard to legal conclusions.”

From the perspective of collateral estoppel, once a trial court rules that an executive order violates the Constitution, even a narrowed injunction doesn’t erase that holding.