strong force

Although quarks are commonly described as the fundamental pieces of protons and neutrons, much of the mass of ordinary matter comes from the energy associated with gluons and the strong force.

From Science Daily ● Sep. 12, 2026

"Instead, the observations are consistent with a different phenomenon known as 'gluon saturation,' predicted by the theory of quantum chromodynamics, which describes the strong force," Tapia Takaki said.

From Science Daily ● Sep. 12, 2026

One possibility is that it represents a hybrid state involving two strange quarks and excited gluons, the particles that carry the strong force.

From Science Daily ● Sep. 2, 2026

To tackle the problem, the researchers relied on lattice quantum chromodynamics, a computational technique that simulates the strong force using enormous supercomputers.

From Science Daily ● May 19, 2026

Eventually there would be what is called a phase transition and the symmetry between the forces would be broken: the strong force would become different from the weak and electromagnetic forces.

From "A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays" by Stephen Hawking