social mobility

"Apprenticeships have the potential to be a powerful tool for social mobility, offering an alternative route to highly skilled industries," he said.

"The chancellor's backing for this shovel-ready project will unlock private investment into housing in Thamesmead, and support employment and social mobility," he said.

Mr. Chetty and his co-authors point to a familiar mix of factors that make some places worse for social mobility—concentrated poverty, poor school quality, single-parent families, crime and racial bias.

The college entry exam, known locally as the "Suneung", is essential for admission to top universities and widely regarded as a gateway to social mobility, economic security and even a good marriage.

That happens when unskilled immigrants are unable to join the occupations that offer social mobility: the civil service, armed forces and arts and crafts producing the “luxury” items and services to the “establishment” and to tourists.