HIV

“Nerve injury is something that essentially 40% of Americans will experience either through carpal tunnel, injury, diabetes, HIV, cancer, chemotherapy,” Daboussi said.

In the past the CDC has been instrumental in global health, leading the response to crises from famine, to HIV, to Ebola.

Today, mRNA vaccines are also being developed to prevent or treat diseases including HIV and cancer, as well as autoimmune and genetic diseases.

The sharing of dirty needles by injecting drug users and the arrival of HIV led to a public health crisis which was graphically depicted in Irvine Welsh's 1993 novel, Trainspotting, and its film adaptation.

It ran from 1994 - the year of South Africa's first democratic election and at a time when people struggled to speak about HIV/Aids, which was rapidly becoming a national crisis.